The imperial efforts to impose union were met with strong resistance in Constantinople. The Ottomans had a much larger force. Nonetheless, depictions of Christian coalitions taking the city and of the late Emperor's resurrection by Leo the Wise persisted. Robert of Clari's account of the Fourth Crusade. The Fall of Constantinople Primary Source Analysis. In 1461 the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed. "[101], The news spread rapidly across the Islamic world. Michael Spilling, ed., Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London, Amber Books Ltd. 2010) p. 187. [75] The elder refugees in the Hagia Sophia were slaughtered and the women raped. [note 8]. The Knights of St. John on Rhodes write of the city's fall and Turkish plans to the Margrave of Brandenburg in Jerusalem. The first pope elected after the fall of Constantinople, Pope Pius II (r . The fall of Constantinople in 1453 was one of the most influential events in history and marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. Finally, the last wave consisting of elite Janissaries, attacked the city walls. Here he encountered some resistance; one of his Viziers, the veteran Halil Pasha, who had always disapproved of Mehmed's plans to conquer the city, now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity. [82] However, American researcher and professor Walter G. Andrew doubts the authenticity of this story, citing the similarities with the earlier story of Saint Pelagius, he states that, it is likely that Doukas's tale owes more to Saint Pelagius and a long history of attempts to portray Muslims as morally inferior than to anything that actually happened during the conquest of Constantinople/Istanbul. SynopsisManaged to compile the first five videos in my Conquest and Fall of Constantinople series. [93] Many feared other European Christian kingdoms would suffer the same fate as Constantinople. [110][bettersourceneeded] They brought to Western Europe the far greater preserved and accumulated knowledge of Byzantine civilization. They mounted a frontal assault of the land walls on April 7, but the Byzantines repelled them and were able to repair the defenses. [31]:81, Meanwhile, in Venice, deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople. Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosian Walls, the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the West and the only part of the city not surrounded by water. On April 6 the Ottomans began their artillery barrage and brought down a section of the wall. 1.6k plays . [93][104], There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. They enslaved boys and girls and took silver and gold vessels, precious stones and all sorts of valuable goods and fabrics from the imperial palace and the houses of the rich Every tent was filled with handsome boys and beautiful girls. Girolamo Minotto[el; es; fr; it] and his Venetians were stationed in the Blachernae Palace, together with Teodoro Caristo, the Langasco brothers, and Archbishop Leonardo of Chios. . Many Greek soldiers ran back home to protect their families, the Venetians retreated to their ships and a few of the Genoese escaped to Galata. By early 1452, work began on the construction of a second fortress (Rumeli hisar) on the European side of the Bosphorus,[27] several miles north of Constantinople. Emperor Constantine deemed it necessary to ensure that the Blachernae district's wall was the most fortified because that section of the wall protruded northwards. The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire was a watershed of the Late Middle Ages, marking the effective end of the last remains of the Roman Empire, a state which began in roughly 27 BC and had lasted nearly 1500 years. An Ottoman attack on a Venetian ship in the Bosporus prompted the Venetian Senate to send 800 troops and 15 galleys to the Byzantine capital, and many Venetians presently in Constantinople also chose to support the war effort, but the bulk of the Venetian forces were delayed for too long to be of any help. This book contains the works that Psellos wrote about his family, including a long funeral oration for his mother that features unique recollections from a childhood spent in Constantinople; a funeral oration for his young daughter Styliane, which includes a detailed description of her physical appearance and a moving account of her illness and The rest surrendered or committed suicide by jumping off the city walls. [2] Mansel, Philip. They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time. Zagan Pasha argued against Halil Pasha and insisted on an immediate attack. [66] Many of the riches of the city were already looted in 1204, leaving only limited loot to the Ottomans.[67]. Bulgaria, Bosnia, and Herzegovina gained autonomy. Other sources claim far more brutal and successful pillaging by the Ottoman invaders. Rome had tangled with Germanic tribes for centuries, but. In October 1452, Mehmed ordered Turakhan Beg to station a large garrison force in the Peloponnese to block Thomas and Demetrios (despotes in Southern Greece) from providing aid to their brother Constantine XI Palaiologos during the impending siege of Constantinople. A propaganda initiative was stimulated by anti-unionist Orthodox partisans in Constantinople; the population, as well as the laity and leadership of the Byzantine Church, became bitterly divided. [65] The looting was extremely thorough in certain parts of the city. [111], The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase s tmbol(n) (Greek: , translit. Constantinople DBQ Historical Context: Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire Task: Using evidence from the documents, write a paragraph discussing three ways Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire. Most of the primary sources seem to be in Latin or Byzantine period Greek. a year ago. [31]:7778 However, this was the only cannon that Orban built for the Ottoman forces at Constantinople,[51][52] and it had several drawbacks: it took three hours to reload; cannonballs were in very short supply; and the cannon is said to have collapsed under its own recoil after six weeks. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 is considered by many to be one the most important events in human history. The fall of Constantinople was a major turning point in history, as it marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. This item is an extract from the detailed account of an Arab envoy to Constantinople in the late 10th century. A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 110 ships comprising 70 large galleys, 5 ordinary galleys, 10 smaller galleys, 25 large rowing boats, and 75 horse-transports. When Turkish flags were seen flying above the Kerkoporta, a small postern gate that was left open, panic ensued and the defence collapsed. Konstantinopel ( Istanbul modern) Hasil. Furthermore, these Western rulers did not have the wherewithal to contribute to the effort, especially in light of the weakened state of France and England from the Hundred Years' War, Spain's involvement in the Reconquista, the internecine fighting in the Holy Roman Empire, and Hungary and Poland's defeat at the Battle of Varna of 1444. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Issue 6. Mehmed II had sent an advance guard to protect these key buildings.The Catalans that maintained their position on the section of the wall that the emperor had assigned them, had the honor of being the last troops to fall. Page 2 of 10 Performance Tasks - Causation: Cities and the Rise and Fall of States Goal of task Target concept: . The city was captured on 29 May 1453[15][16] as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. Mehmed ordered a third attack on the gate, this time with one of his own palace regiments of 3,000 Janissaries. [23]:280, 29 May 1453, the day of the fall of Constantinople, fell on a Tuesday, and since then Tuesday has been considered an unlucky day by Greeks generally. Guillaume Dufay composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church, and the duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, avowed to take up arms against the Turks. While Mehmed II had been steadily preparing for the siege of Constantinople, he had sent the old general Turakhan and the latter's two sons, Ahmed Beg and Omar Beg, to invade the. The Walls of Constantinople, especially the Theodosian Walls, were some of the most advanced defensive systems in the world at the time. Baltaolu Sleyman Bey commanded a fleet stationed at Diplokionion with an estimated 31 large and midsize warships alongside nearly 100 smaller boats and transports. Constantinople, from letters sent to the Austrian Emperor, 1554 to 1562 "The sultan's hall was crowded . Omissions? Original text: ' ' . [32][pageneeded][31]:85 Further undermining Byzantine morale, seven Italian ships with around 700 men, despite having sworn to defend Constantinople, slipped out of the capital the moment Giustiniani arrived. The Byzantine Empire through Primary Sources DOCUMENT 4 Laws of Justinian (529-534CE) Besides the Hagia Sophia the other major accomplishment of the Roman's (of Byzantine Empire) during the reign of Justinian was the Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian's Code).Which took centuries of built up Roman law and codified/standardized it for the empire. SQ 5. [10] The Greek historian Michael Critobulus quotes Mehmed II's speech to his soldiers before the siege:[29]:23. This mini-DBQ has multiple classroom uses. It was one of the largest and most powerful empires in the ancient world. Emperor John VIII Palaiologos had also recently negotiated union with Pope Eugene IV, with the Council of Florence of 1439 proclaiming a Bull of Union. [note 7] The Byzantines intercepted the first tunnel on the night of 16 May. [31]:92, To the left of the emperor, further south, were the commanders Cataneo, who led Genoese troops, and Theophilus Palaeologus, who guarded the Pegae Gate with Greek soldiers. Orthodox leaders voted in favour of union, but the people of Constantinople were adamantly against it and rioted in response. As Byzantine numbers were insufficient to occupy the walls in their entirety, it had been decided that only the outer walls would be guarded. [31]:94 Although the Byzantines also had cannons, the weapons were much smaller than those of the Ottomans, and the recoil tended to damage their own walls. [26] This calculation was boosted by Mehmed's friendly overtures to the European envoys at his new court. [31]:8384 As a specialist in defending walled cities, Giustiniani was immediately given the overall command of the defence of the land walls by the Emperor. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. It covers the Byzantine Empire from the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomons. The Genoese general in charge of the defenders on land, Giovanni Giustiniani, was grievously wounded during the attack, and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders. Emperor Constantine XI is reported to have been killed while either fighting near the breach or fleeing to an escape boat. Nevertheless, just as deeply entrenched was the understanding that Byzantine control of Constantinople was a necessary bastion against Muslim control of land and sea in the eastern Mediterranean. constantine ran out of money and became the capital due to the fall of rome. Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows, aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman, and both of them would fall to the ground dead, and then there came other Turks and took them away, none fearing death, but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls. Between 60,000 and 80,000 soldiers fought on land, accompanied by 69 cannon. July 2003. Student Edition NAME DATE 1. . The crosses which had been placed on the roofs or the walls of churches were torn down and trampled. [15] Around the same time, the captains of the Venetian ships that happened to be present in the Golden Horn offered their services to the Emperor, barring contrary orders from Venice, and Pope Nicholas undertook to send three ships laden with provisions, which set sail near the end of March. The oldest boy, renamed Murad, became a personal favourite of Mehmed and served as Beylerbey (Governor-General) of Rumeli (the Balkans). You will protest that the Turks moved from Asia to Greece a long time ago, that the Mongols established themselves in Europe and the Arabs occupied parts of Spain, having approached through the straits of Gibraltar. Robert of Clari was a knight from Picardy who took part in the Fourth Crusade, which ended with the capture of Constantinople in 1204. On the night of 28 April, an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships but the Ottomans forced the Christians to retreat with many casualties. In 1444 he lost an important battle to a Christian alliance in the Balkans and abdicated the throne to his son, Mehmed II. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinoples ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Historical!Context:! Byzantine Empire. This time, however, we are being attacked in Europe, in our own land, in our own house. The account of the cannon's collapse is disputed,[3][pageneeded] given that it was only reported in the letter of Archbishop Leonardo di Chio[47] and in the later, and often unreliable, Russian chronicle of Nestor Iskander. He also claimed the religion valued idle and unproductive people and also led to internal divisions. My friends and men of my empire! Mehmed then ordered the severed head be skinned, stuffed with bran, and sent as a symbol of victory to the governors of Persia and Arabia, in order to remind them that "it was a Turk who did what for centuries they could not. [citation needed], In the summer of 1452, when Rumeli Hisar was completed and the threat of the Ottomans had become imminent, Constantine wrote to the Pope, promising to implement the union, which was declared valid by a half-hearted imperial court on 12 December 1452. On 2 June, the Sultan found the city largely deserted and half in ruins; churches had been desecrated and stripped, houses were no longer habitable, and stores and shops were emptied. Now sultan for the second time, Mehmed II intended to complete his fathers mission and conquer Constantinople for the Ottomans. If they returned home, they would be treated according to their rank and religion, as if nothing had changed. Our ancestors eagerly desired to achieve this; rejoice now since it is your bravery which has won this kingdom for us. Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn. The garrison used a few small-calibre artillery pieces, which in the end proved ineffective. The defending army's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped, while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well-trained soldiers, armed civilians, sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities, and finally monks. (14) $3.00. [103], Pope Pius II believed that the Ottomans would persecute Greek Orthodox Christians and advocated for another crusade at the Council of Mantua in 1459. Fall Of Rome Dbq. San Stefano peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Ascending to the Ottoman throne in 1451, Mehmed II began making preparations to reduce the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. This city expanded into the Byzantine Empire, a continuation of the Roman Empire in Eastern Europe even after the Western Roman Empire fell. Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy, "One among many renegades: the Serb janissary Konstantin Mihailovi and the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans", "Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure", "Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica", "stanbul'un fethinde 600 Trk askeri, Fatih'e kar savat", "Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 14531924", "The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire", "Bosphorus (i.e. A fictionalized account of the Fall of Constantinople features in the opening chapter of Death's End by Liu Cixin. It is said that Constantine, throwing aside his purple imperial regalia, led the final charge against the incoming Ottomans, perishing in the ensuing battle in the streets alongside his soldiers. Constantine's men eventually could not prevent the Ottomans from entering the city and the defenders were overwhelmed at several points along the wall. Edit. fighting Empire's downfall (4) Emptied the treasury Successors would lose what was gained Weakened the defense, by spreading the army out Victories were temporary What did Empire Constantine do? This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn, which was accomplished by midday. In contrast to the Byzantines, the Ottoman Turks had extended their control over virtually all of the Balkans and most of Anatolia, having conquered several Byzantine cities west of Constantinople in the latter half of the 14th century. Document 2 At the same time Procopius saw Justinian as a liar and a hypocrite. He graduated from the University of Chicago in 2021. [20]:374 His 27 feet (8.2m) long cannon was named "Basilica" and was able to hurl a 600lb (270kg) stone ball over a mile (1.6km). The many bodies of water surrounding the peninsula gave Constantinople many trade routes as well as protection. [note 10]. A small group reached the top of a tower through another gate but were nearly eliminated by the defenders until Giustiniani was mortally wounded by Ottoman gunfire while on the ramparts. This allowed the sultan to send in another Janissary regiment and take the inner wall at the Gate of St. Romanus. The Bashi-bazouks were spread out behind the front lines. In many places the ground could not be seen, as it was covered by heaps of corpses. [43], According to the Encyclopdia Britannica, Mehmed II "permitted an initial period of looting that saw the destruction of many Orthodox churches", but tried to prevent a complete sack of the city. https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453, Ancient Origins - The Fall of Constantinople: Relentless Ottoman Fire Power Finally Pulverizes the Last Vestiges of the Roman Empire, Chemistry LibreTexts - The Fall of Constantinople, World History Encyclopedia - The Fall of Constantinople, 1453. A small fleet of naval and armed merchant vessels were also stationed in the Golden Horn to defend the chain. Preparations for the final assault began in the evening of 26 May and continued to the next day. Their father's words encouraged them, and they were also were ready to die. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Mehmed II himself. [20]:304 The crusaders established an unstable Latin state in and around Constantinople while the remainder of the Byzantine Empire splintered into a number of successor states, notably Nicaea, Epirus and Trebizond. [31]:147 Another legend refers to the Marble Emperor (Constantine XI), holding that an angel rescued the emperor when the Ottomans entered the city, turning him into marble and placing him in a cave under the earth near the Golden Gate, where he waits to be brought to life again (a variant of the sleeping hero legend). . On the third day after the fall of our city, the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great, joyful triumph. Pope Nicholas V called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade,[citation needed] however no European powers wished to participate, and the Pope resorted to sending a small fleet of 10 ships to defend the city. [30] An accomplished soldier from Genoa, Giovanni Giustiniani, arrived in January 1453 with 400 men from Genoa and 300 men from Genoese Chios. "[29]:59, For others, there was still a distant hope that the lights were the campfires of the troops of John Hunyadi who had come to relieve the city. Constantine. Forty Italians escaped their sinking ships and swam to the northern shore. [84], Mehmed II granted his soldiers three days to plunder the city, as he had promised them and in accordance with the custom of the time. Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. The fall of the city removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion, allowing for uninterrupted Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe. Turkish troops withdraw from Bulgaria and Russia. Ended Russian-Ottoman war of 1877-8. 0. His mission to the court of Basil II concerned Bardas Skleros, a claimant to the Byzantine throne who had gone to Baghdad seeking Arab support. The Fall of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire began in 27 BC. [32]:380 This strategy was used because in 1204, the armies of the Fourth Crusade successfully circumvented Constantinople's land defences by breaching the Golden Horn Wall, which faces the Horn. He angled one of his cannons such that it could strike the defenders of the chain and then began to construct an oiled wooden ramp upon which he intended to portage his smaller vessels from the Bosporus to the Golden Horn. Mehmed himself knocked over and trampled on the altar of the Hagia Sophia. The Holy and Sacred Synod, presided over by His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, is composed of twelve hierarchs, each serving a year-long term, with half of the synod's members changing every six months in March and September PDF. The Venetian captain ordered his men to break open the gate of the Golden Horn. This section of the walls had been built earlier, in the 11th century, and was much weaker. [20]:373 But Mehmed's mild words were not matched by his actions. In Mehmed's view, he was the successor to the Roman Emperor, declaring himself Kayser-i Rum, literally "Caesar of Rome", that is, of the Roman Empire, though he was remembered as "the Conqueror". Print. Students will read about the sack of Constantinople and its effects on the Byzantine Empire at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and analyze it by answering 9 questions to get a first hand look at what happened in the city when it was razed . Since ancient times, cities and castles had depended upon ramparts and walls to repel invaders. Among many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople is considered the end of the medieval period. Lokasi. Emperor who moved Rome's capital to the east. The force consisted of around 4,500 knights and their squires, up to 14,000 infantry, and 20,000-30,000 Venetians. This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system; however, it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century. The sultan had Pere Juli, his sons and the consul Joan de la Via, amongst others, beheaded. Mehmed was determined to take the Golden Horn and pressure the Byzantines into submission. The union was agreed by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1274, at the Second Council of Lyon, and indeed, some Palaiologoi emperors had since been received into the Latin Church. He also began the construction of the Boazkesen (later called the Rumelihisar), a fortress at the narrowest point of the Bosporus, in order to restrict passage between the Black and Mediterranean seas. When the fog lifted that evening, a strange light was seen playing about the dome of the Hagia Sophia, which some interpreted as the Holy Spirit departing from the city. Fall of Constantinople By 350 A.D., Constantinople was one of the world's greatest capitals. The Phanariotes, as they were called, provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers. Which leader moved the Capital City of Byzantine to Constantinople. Tanggal. History. The Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in the harbour. They fought as allies against the Latin establishments, but also fought among themselves for the Byzantine throne. According to the Encyclopdia Britannica: "Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance". Document 1: Five books have been chosen to review different speculations on . He claimed the rise of Christianity contributed to the fall of Rome as it bred a 'turn the other cheek' mentality. Lastly, he guaranteed the safety of the population that might choose to remain in the city. "It is for the Faith! the Ghazi said. In the following eleven centuries, the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once before: the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). For some of the oldest of you were sharers in many of the exploits carried through by themthose at least of you who are of maturer yearsand the younger of you have heard of these deeds from your fathers. [20][pageneeded][21][22][23]. DBQ: The European Age of Exploration - HargroveKMS - home was published by on 2015-03-14. . This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help. Letter of the Knights of St. John on the Fall of Constantinople (72.9KB PDF Document) 2 September 2008. If any citizens of Constantinople tried to resist, they were slaughtered. According to Steven Runciman most of the elderly and the infirm/wounded and sick who were refugees inside the churches were killed, and the remainder were chained up and sold into slavery. Long before the fall of Constantinople, Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas, Constantine, and their other brothers John and Theodore. Media related to Fall of Constantinople (1453) at Wikimedia Commons. This section was considered the weakest spot in the walls and an attack was feared here most. The walls had recently been repaired (under John VIII) and were in fairly good shape, giving the defenders sufficient reason to believe that they could hold out until help from the West arrived. Sultan Murad II laid siege to Constantinople in 1422, but he was forced to lift it in order to suppress a rebellion elsewhere in the empire. [40]:40 It has also been claimed that Constantinople was "the best-defended city in Europe" at that time. He then ordered a muezzin ascend the pulpit and sound a prayer[89][90] The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque, but the Greek Orthodox Church was allowed to remain intact and Gennadius Scholarius was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople. [31]:108[56] With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels, the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn. [31]:15051 Byzantine historian George Sphrantzes, an eyewitness to the fall of Constantinople, described the Sultan's actions:[87][88]. Medieval period the east fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman invaders ready! Swam to the Fall of Constantinople: [ 29 ]:23 the or! 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