Jackson summoned his last reserves, the 2,300 men of Hoods division. Fighting raged into the gathering darkness as Georgia and Alabama troops under Brig. He thought McClellan missed a great opportunity to kick the Army of Northern Virginia while they were down and potentially end the war. Hills rear guard remained at Boonsboro with 5,000 troops. The White House was a somber place in the summer of 1862. At the end of August, Lees Army of Northern Virginia routed another Union army, under Maj. Gen. John Pope, at the Second Battle of Bull Run. The delaying action at South Mountain, though costly, had given Jackson enough time to tighten his grip on the arsenal. There are more than 22,000 casualties at the Battle of Antietam. The three-hour fight at Cramptons Gap left 500 Union and 750 Confederate dead and wounded. The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single day in American history, and the partial victory by Union troops led Abraham Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Little is known Continue reading Claimed by the Cornfield: Georgias Colonel MarcellusDouglass, When General J. R. Jones quickly relinquished command at the prospect of marching his division into Antietams Cornfield, his fellow Southern officers began whispering the word coward behind his back. Gen. Jacob Coxs Kanawha Division were in control of Foxs Gap. Starke, shot three times, died on the field. At the same time, he began throwing together a patchwork defense of the South Mountain passes at Turners, Foxs, and Cramptons Gaps. Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. events, and resources, Battle of Antietam: Clash in the Cornfield. In spite of his diminished ranks, Lee continues to skirmish with McClellan on September 18, while removing his wounded south of the Potomac River. Lincoln and McClellan had a tortured relationship. This is that story, Viewers of the 1989 film Glory know it tells the story of the 54th Massachusetts African American regiment and its commander, Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, who share a fate at the 1863 assault on Fort Wagner. 126, May 18,2020, The Cornfield Inside the Action at Antietams Bloody TurningPoint, Abner Doubleday in Antietams Cornfield: No Day in the (Baseball)Park, Garlands Brigade at the Cornfield: The Death of a Reputationand MuchMore, The 88th Pennsylvania at Antietam: A Cornfield Invalid SavesWashington, Farming the Cornfield: D. R. Millers 1862 Harvest ofDeath, Buffalo in the Cornfield: The 21st New York atAntietam, Claimed by the Cornfield: Georgias Colonel MarcellusDouglass, Cowards in the Cornfield? On the diplomatic front, the Confederate cause was ripe for recognition by European powers, particularly Great Britain and France. A mile east of the town of Sharpsburg, the creek meanders through the hilly but open countryside, good for long-range artillery and moving infantry. He wanted to move the focus of fighting away from the South and into Federal territory. Miller's Cornfield (usually referred to as 'the Cornfield') is a section of the Antietam battlefield of the American Civil War . 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Adding insult to injury, Confederate cavalry under Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Maj. Gen. Fitz-John Porters V Corps occupied the Union center along the hills east of Antietam Creek, while Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside positioned his IX Corps opposite the lower bridge and the bluffs that commanded the approaches. Most of the time its misspelled. Pvt. Hoods Confederates had been marching and fighting continually for several days, and Jackson gave permission for Hood to withdraw his division to the vicinity of the Dunker Church to cook rations. Dawes remembered: As we appeared at the edge of the cornfield, a long line of men in butternut and gray rose up from the ground. Instead, Lee ordered his army to regroup at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg. To take it, Hookers divisions would advance along the turnpike between the East and West Woods, through the pastures of the Miller farm, and across the cornfield at the turnpikes eastern edge. This article appears in: Early Fall 2014 By Michael E. Haskew The White House was a somber place in the summer of 1862. Mansfield spluttered, Yes, yes, you are right. Precisely at that moment a bullet hit the 58-year-old general squarely in the chest. Just twelve hours of intense and often close-range fighting with muskets and cannons had resulted in around 23,000 casualties, including an estimated 3,650 dead. The Most Terrible Clash of Arms Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Getty Images / HUM Images / Universal Images Group, The Significance of the Battle of Antietam, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/battle-of-antietam. Despite heavy losses and tenacious resistance, Doubleday had driven deeply into Jacksons line. Monday marks the 150th . Because Federal and Confederate forces repeatedly traded control of the spot, the fight for the Cornfield is a story of human struggle against fearful . Return to Tour Map Within the hour Ezra would be troubled by a much greater lossand discover the ultimate irony of Antietam's bloody Cornfield. McRae remembered: The most unutterable stampede occurred. General Robert E. Lee also recognized dissent among Lincolns ranks and hoped a battle victory on Union land might topple Lincolns congressional support and help secure the Confederacy once and for all. Mansfield was carried from the field and died within hours. After losing his command, McClellan took up a new careerpolitics. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. Lincoln has been waiting for a military success to issue his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. By 5:30 am, the morning fog had burned off enough for the Confederate horse artillery under Major John Pelham to fire at the Union vanguard from Nicodemus Hill. Doctors at the scene are overwhelmed. Donate Now Just then, an enemy sharpshooter put a bullet through Hookers foot, which bled profusely. The distance closed to 30 yards, and the two sides blazed away at one another. Late on the afternoon of the 16th, Hooker crossed Antietam Creek intending to position more than 8,000 Union troops to launch the attack the following morning. Duryeas brigade followed Seymour out of the East Woods and into the cornfield, stepping over mangled Confederate corpses that canister shots had killed moments earlier. The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 56,000 acres in 25 states! But after several unexpected and demoralizing Union losses, including Major General John Popes sound defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run, it became clear the Confederacy wasnt going to be easy to crush. While Douglass and Walker held on, Colonel Harry T. Hays hard-fighting Louisiana brigade, nicknamed the Louisiana Tigers, moved forward. Antietam's Cornfield - a blog dedicated to preserving and sharing stories of the events of 17 September 1862 -, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 16:47. What they didnt understand was just how important holding this place was for a Confederate victory at Antietam, For Gods sake, come and help us out! begged the new head of Hartsuffs Brigade and without a pause, Colonel Lyle had the 90th Pennsylvania marching forward into the swirling inferno of Antietams Cornfield. Jones covered the ground to the south and occupied the bluffs above the lower bridge across the Antietam with six brigades. The Army of the Potomac began to concentrate that night, but during the following day McClellan declined to make a decisive move. Most of the Confederates on the north end of the battlefield retreated to the West Woods and almost 8,000 Union and Confederate soldiers had been killed or wounded in and around the Cornfield. Gen. George G. Meade on his left. This 24-acre cornfield, owned by D.R. His orders from Lincoln and Army General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck were somewhat vague: protect Washington and, if possible, destroy Lees army in the process. Among the wounded were Sergeant Bloss and Corporal Mitchell, who had found Lees lost orders four days earlier. The ordeal on the Confederate left was not yet over. The Cornfield: Antietam's Bloody Turning Point tells for the first time the full story of the exciting struggle to control "the Cornfield," the action on which the costly battle of Antietam turned, in a thorough yet readable narrative. The first Union infantry formations did not arrive until the afternoon of September 15. The Cornfield: Antietam's Bloody Turning Point tells for the first time the full story of the exciting struggle to control "the Cornfield," the action on which the costly battle of Antietam turned, in a thorough yet readable narrative. East of the turnpike lay the prosperous farm of David R. Miller, including the house, outbuildings, orchard, and a 24-acre field of ripening corn, grown taller than a mans head and nearly ready for harvest. 191, dated September 9. Within the limits of this Army, at least, Marylanders shall once more enjoy their ancient freedom of thought and speech. An up-close look at the people, places and turning points of the American Civil War. Lee accompanied Longstreets columns across Antietam Creek, a tributary of the Potomac, heading toward the village of Sharpsburg. In a superb organizational effort lasting just four days, he completed the assimilation of units from the former Army of Virginia into the Army of the Potomac. West Woods 6. During the course of the morning, the cornfield, a space 250 yards long and 400 yards wide, changed hands 15 times. Brig. Its commander, Colonel Hugh McNeil, was killed along with five others, and 20 were wounded. Tyndales men charged into the cornfield, and several minutes of hand-to-hand fighting ensued before the Confederates began withdrawing toward the West Woods. There they ran headlong into one of Lawtons brigades under Colonel James A. Walker. And keeping Confederates in their southern box enabled President Lincoln to finally release his Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862. For those of us interested in understanding and preserving the events of the Civil War and Antietams Cornfield, heres our own such list the Cornfield casualty top ten. The Battle of Antietam has the regrettable distinction of being the bloodiest one-day battle in American history. The Battle of Antietam, also called the Battle of Sharpsburg, occurred on September 17, 1862, at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. Lees back was to the Potomac, and only Botelers Ford at Shepherdstown offered a clear avenue of escape across the river if the Confederates were driven from the field. Lee was left with few cards to play. Moving due east, Brig. Despite having the advantage, he allowed Lee to retreat without resistance. Antietam, the deadliest one-day battle in American military history, showed that the Union could stand against the Confederate army in the Eastern theater. Descending Into The Bloody Cornfield With Civil War Historian, David A. Welker: PreserveCast Episode No. The 19th Indiana and 7th Wisconsin crossed the turnpike to cover the Iron Brigades flank, and Gibbon brought up Battery B, 4th U.S. As the sun was setting, the entire Union I Corps under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker advanced toward Turners Gap. Unable to remain in command, he left the scene convinced that Union forces were poised to drive the Confederates into the Potomac. He takes his opportunity on September 22. While his own numbers swelled to nearly 90,000, McClellan, ever cautious, was concerned about the strength of his enemy. (Today its called Burnside Bridge.) To further complicate matters, Republicans faced midterm elections in November of 1862, and their victory wasnt in the bag. Stuarts cavalry screened the Confederate left while D.H. Hills five brigades were funneled into the center of the Confederate line and filed into the sunken road. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled! Gen. John Hatchs 1st Division, I Corps, on his right, and the Pennsylvania Reserve Division under Brig. The Louisiana Tigers were reduced to fewer than 200 men after sending 500 into the battle. Starkes Louisiana men took up positions along a rail fence on the east side of the Hagerstown Turnpike. He retrieved an envelope that contained three cigars wrapped around the copy of Special Orders No. Two divisions of Sumners corps, commanded by Brig. The Unions claim of victory at Antietam and Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation are thought to be why Republicans held the House in the 1862 mid-term elections. Miller, saw some of U.S. history's most horrific fighting. The carnage was terrific; only two dozen of the original 250 men of the 6th Georgia survived the maelstrom without being killed or wounded. She saw the desperation of the wounded and dying and did what she could to aid and comfort them. Jackson in turn detailed Maj. Gen. A.P. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. Click here to open PreserveCast Few names are as synonymous with Civil War battlefields as The Bloody Cornfield. The Union troops were thrown back as Wofford rolled into the western portion of the cornfield and Law struck to the east. Battle of Antietam: Clash in the Cornfield America's bloodiest day began with heavy fighting that ravaged a previously innocuous cornfield in western Maryland. National Park Service pamphlet The Cornfield Trail - September Harvest of Death, pp. . The Battle of Antietam begins at dawn when Hookers Union corps mounts a powerful assault on Lees left flank. Marylanders were wary and observed the Confederates with a mixture of sympathy, awe, and disdain. Men laughed and giggled, screamed and cried. Hoods lightning counterattack prevented the collapse of the Confederate left and forced Hookers corps back essentially to its early morning starting point with more than 2,500 casualties. Gibbons Iron Brigade plowed down the Hagerstown Turnpike toward the cornfield and the West Woods. The 28th Pennsylvania and 5th, 7th, and 66th Ohio of Lt. Col. Hector Tyndales 1st Brigade led the way. Turn left (south) and walk through the historic Cornfield to complete your hike. Racing 150 yards ahead of the units on either side, the whooping Texans came within 30 yards of the Pennsylvanians, who rested their rifles on the lowest fence rails and fired a withering volley at the legs of the onrushing Rebels, shrouded in the thick smoke of battle. (4) At 8:00 a.m., Gen. Joseph Mansfields Twelfth Corps, over 7,000 soldiers, arrived and drove back Hoods men and the Confederate reinforcements from the Sunken Road. Because Federal and Confederate forces . Take a virtual tour of Antietam Battlefield by clicking on the links for the battlefield tour stops below. Greene rode forward and warned the New Yorkers to slow down before they outran covering artillery. I feel Gen. M. should have no problem.. Lincolns cabinet feared releasing the Emancipation Proclamation at that time would seem desperate and be difficult to enforce, so Lincoln decided to wait until another decisive Union victory. As Brig. In 1881 Barton founded the American Red Cross. The siege of Harpers Ferry was to be successfully concluded as soon as possible. Antietam on the Web.Special Orders No. War fever was high that nightthe day before Confederate forces had fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston harborand some 102 men volunteered their services to New York State for Continue reading Buffalo in the Cornfield: The 21st New York atAntietam, With his brigade locked in a nearly point-blank fight on the southern end of Antietams Cornfield, Colonel Douglass had already been wounded seven times but remained in command. On the political front, Lincoln felt that the war-weary North needed to be energized. The two brigades emerged from the North Woods simultaneously and crossed a field of clover. McClellan had given him the option to push on to relieve the trapped garrison at the arsenal, but McLaws hastily put together a defensive line that gave Franklin pause. Mansfield and II Corps under Maj. Gen. Edwin Sumner extended the Federal right opposite Hoods positions along the Smoketown Road to high ground near McClellans headquarters at a brick farmhouse. Unfortunately for the Union, this temporal advantage in the center is not followed up with further advances and eventually the Union defenders must abandon their position. As Longstreets men began trudging toward Sharpsburg, Lee reversed his earlier order. The North Woods stretched across the farmland of Joseph Poffenberger. ", "Through a shower of bullets and shells, it was only the thoughts of home that brought me from that place." Hays' Louisiana Brigade suffered over 60-percent casualties in 30 minutes. Six generals were killed or mortally wounded, three from the Union army and three Confederates. President Abraham Lincoln, still mourning the death of his 11-year-old son, Willie, earlier that year, sought desperately to find a general who could reverse the growing belief that Confederate arms, under the able leadership of General Robert E. Lee, were invincible. When the Confederates withdrew, Franklin was only six miles from Harpers Ferry. Mitchell took the document to Sergeant John M. Bloss, and the two took it to Captain Peter Kop, their company commander. In a letter to his wife, Mary, Lincoln joked, We are about to be photographed. But even this firestorm of controversy couldnt prepare Jones for what awaited him when his postwar indiscretions became known. It was finalized on the afternoon of the 16th, a full day after McClellan had arrived on the scene. The present seems the most propitious time since the commencement of the war for the Confederate Army to enter Maryland, Lee noted. 1. The avalanche of Union troops pushed Rodes steadily back and cost him more than one-third of his command. Late that evening and on September 19, after realizing that no further attacks are coming from McClellan, Lee withdraws from the battlefield and slips back across the Potomac into Virginia. Stuart had raided Popes very headquarters, carrying off the generals dress coat. He believed McClellan spent too much of his command drilling troops and little of it pursuing Lee. Hooker, conspicuously mounted on a white charger, rode to the southern edge of the cornfield and saw an opportunity to rally the remains of his corps, bring artillery forward, and join with XII Corps to strike the decisive blow. With the full commitment of McClellans troops, which outnumbered the Confederates two to one, the battle might have had a more definitive outcome. The 1st Texas, under Colonel P.A. To save his army from impending destruction, Lee decided to terminate the siege of Harpers Ferry and prepare for a general retirement across the Potomac to the safety of Virginia. One amazed Confederate artilleryman saw columns of enemy soldiers stretching into the distance and remarked that they were so numerous that it looked as if they were creeping up out of the ground.. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. Prominent in Hoods defensive area was a plain, whitewashed church belonging to the German Baptist Brethren, a Christian sect that shunned anything ostentatious, including church steeples, and believed in baptism by full immersion. Spotting Mansfields tightly packed troops, Hoods men fired on the 10th Maine Regiment. Libby remembered a loud response from the Maine men to the contrary. His opponent, Abraham Lincoln, was reelected for another term. In the 1864 election he was the Democratic nominee for president of the United States. It is remembered as the site of some of the most savage fighting of the Battle of Antietam, which itself was the bloodiest single-day action of the Civil War. Send forward officers to explore the way, ascertain the best crossing of the Potomac.. Thomas Wait and myself told him that we were not firing at our own men for those that were firing at us from behind the trees had been firing at us from the first, recalled Libby. Still, it endorsed the idea that the war wasnt just about states rights but also stopping slavery. : The Sorry Story of Colonel WilliamChristian, The 90th Pennsylvania Infantry in the Cornfield: Solitary and alone, we gave and took ourmedicine, The 1st Texas Infantry in the Cornfield: Slipping theBridle, Captain Von Bachelle and his canine friend sacrifice all in theCornfield, Elliotts Antietam Burial Map: New Revelations About the CornfieldsToll, Tigers in the Cornfield: Hays Louisiana Brigade atAntietam, The 105th New York in Antietams Cornfield: The High Price ofAchievement, The 6th Georgia in the Cornfield: Squeezed by a DeadlyVice, The 19th Indiana in Antietams Cornfield: The command is no longer forward, but now it is followme!, The 1st Georgia Regulars and 1st Minnesota Infantry at Antietam: A Kindness in theCornfield, The 2nd Massachusetts in the Cornfield: Robert Gould Shaws Command Baptism byFire, New Old Views of the Miller Farm and Antietams Cornfield, The 5th Virginias Private Ezra Stickley: Irony in theCornfield, John Cook: An Ohio boy comes of age in AntietamsCornfield, The 21st Georgia: An Unexpected Mission in Antietams EastWoods, The 97th New York Infantry in theCornfield. 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